Are School Uniforms Needed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2766 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: School Uniforms Essay Did you like this example? It is a day before school and usually, one student would be excited to wear their brand new outfit their parents purchased. On the other hand, there are students who attend to school with a required uniform and the clothing used to sleep at night is the uniform students been wearing for a while now or about to begin wearing the uniform. For a while now, there have been many debates about kids aching to dress up and there are good and bad arguments of having uniforms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are School Uniforms Needed?" essay for you Create order Now, various students attending primary and secondary schools around the globe are obligated to dress. The history started as a way to provide institutions with a feeling of character and coherence. School uniforms were meant to pull fairness to the students, despite their parents means. It has turned modern day clothing for uniforms and rather of the traditional uniform of a cardigan with a subtle undershirt, polo and sweatshirts in school colors have changed. Dress pants or jeans are considered popular at unspecified schools. On the other hand, some schools have selected to hold stuff just the way they were for a meaningful amount of time. There are many conditions that are made wearing uniforms and having the situations rotate around to the point where it establishes interesting conversations whether or not school uniforms should be required. School uniforms are good for obedience and will take school more thoughtful to then to concentrate more on learning rather than clothing or concern of violence, since other culmination that is a perpetual and unchanging act. School uniforms may discourage crime and enhance student security. A study conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, it is resulted that, â€Å"Between 2001 and 2015, the percentage of students ages 12-18 who reported that gangs were present at their school decreased from 20 to 11 percent.† Having the student attending to school where uniform is established brings safety to the student walking to school or going home after school and wearing clothing that are color gang affiliated may lead to crucial consequences to the student going to school and back whether it is being harmed or possibly having the life of the student taken away. Not only were studies conducted throughout violence due to uniforms but also journalist publishing thoughts on the situation. Marian Wilde, a journalist on Great Schools who presented an article Do Uniforms Make Schools Better, had given the thought on student uniforms and how it should be in consideration to take action, â€Å" If it means teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† In public schools, especially in public high schools, there are students that go all out impress their friends and classmates with wearing expensive clothing brand and shoewear. Wearing expensive clothing around others gives a sign to other students to initiate something far much worse that a student wearing expensive clothing would not know. That is: robbing the students, threatening the student that they will harm that particular student and many more terrifying scenarios. With all this being true, there are some cases that can be argued with requiring school uniform and that being students debating against school uniforms and feel it is not for an education. In a journal Are School Uniforms a Good Fit?, done by Ryan Yeung, had given results to as how wearing uniforms does not improve academic readiness, â€Å"No significant effects of school uniform on performance on second grade reading and mathematics examinations, as well as on 10th-grade reading, mathematics, science, and history examinations.† This may be true, being able to walk to school and home without any altercations uprising is more valuable. Even though there are some cases that students educate better with uniforms, having safteyness with uniform prevents from anything happening when you are in public or in school. Also, published on the Catholic Education written by David L. Brunsma, created a journal The School Uniform Movement and What It Tells Us About American Education: A S ymbol Crusade establishing a point on how uniforms does not signify nowhere of having a great education, being academically ready, having no effects toward schools, and peer attitudes. As this may be accurate, there are great points one can make when having uniforms already presented in the school which is providing security and discouraging crime. Another point that can be argued is school uniforms retain students concentrated on their education, not their outfits. In School Uniforms: Dressing for Success or Conformity?, done by Hinchion Gail Mancini, explains in depth on how schools are competitive with their style rather than students with uniforms, â€Å"..they can concentrate on their studies instead of worrying about their attire.† (Mancini 2). This illustrates great results of not only having the students pursue in a great education but also having a discipline mindset for students when they are in a classroom as he later explains on other non uniform schools, â€Å"Fights often break out at the school when students get jealous..† (Mancini 3). Having no disciplinary actions to the students and being able to control from preventing such bad actions, gives great reasoning to affirm with schools establishing uniform policy. In another journal, Schools Find Stricter Rules, Uniforms Can Lessen Bullying done by John A. Gavin, had come to an understanding that the uniform policies saves class time for students and much easier to enforce since youths were wasting class participation in the office since they signified with not meeting the dress code and such was time absent from class. Not only does this put an end to a non uniform school but then takes action to prevent such bad doings happening and have students attend class with no participation wasted. As this can be easily brought to an open debate, school uniforms do not develop great independency, educational readiness, or tests results. In a study done by Kathleen Wade and Mary E. Stafford titled Public Schools Uniforms: Effects On Perception of Gang presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perception and their goal was to clarify the relationship between public school uniform and some of their intended results and what they found was, â€Å"Students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perceptions scores than students from schools with uniform policies.† This may be true but coming from there are varieties of schools with uniform with great educational learning but in some cases wearing school uniforms does develop negative behavior and great treatment for the teachers and environment. Now moving on to another arguable point, Beth Asaff who posted an article Pros and Cons of Uniform, establishes a valid abstract on how uniforms reduces opportunities of s elf expression, individuality, and comfort and she goes on to say, â€Å"Experts believe that children need to feel comfortable in order to maximize learning, and that uniforms can, in this way, deter academic success for some children.†. As this may be true, one can argue this is only affecting â€Å"some† children and not all children therefore making a unreasonable justification on their side of the argument and also, children are able to express themselves by having the ability to voice out and make new friends as they all look identical in the school with uniforms. Elaborating on the argument given, uniform policies save class time because they are straightforward to implement than a conventional dress code. Published by Sage Journals titled, School Uniforms and Person Perception, the author Dorothy Behling goes in depth how school uniforms are better perceived by teachers and other peers. By that she indicated that there was study made in 1994 and those in uniforms were viewed by the teachers while maintaining educational potential and recognized as â€Å"properly performed†. Having that said, the adjectives given were bst fit to justify that the students did not have to worry about their appearance nor whether they would fit in or not which then gives the student the comfort and social activity to be presented in school with peers and teachers. Another point that can be greatly made is Dress Codes In School by Cynthia Bily who argued the dress codes around the nation and how it resulted in schools and what she indicated was the teache rs that had favored the uniform said it saves them â€Å"headaches† and it â€Å"saves valuable class time to enforce less specific dress codes† (Bily 5). This exhibits great points from not only studies but from a teachers point of view. It comes to show that there are teachers who appreciate the uniform policies established in their school which gives them great time to be able to enforce the issue within seconds and still manage to have class time not being wasted. As the argument may be affirmed, one can easily state that school uniform does not perform the significance of education also reduce the negative behavior of wearing the required uniform. Sue Stanley who presented their work, School Uniform and Safety, she justifies information to as why students oppose school uniform and conducted with a middle school. What the study resulted was â€Å"81% if the students said uniforms did not reduce fights, 76% said they did not help them fit in at school, and 69% said they did not make them feel more connected with the school community†. Even thought this may be true, it can be argued that the rest of the students do not feel the same way and appreciate the uniform policy given in the school, knowing their able to achieve in a better education as said previously in the argument made. Given that students create fights with uniform would not be the case of appearance since all students were to be in the same exact uniform. In another article given, The Student Dress Code Debate, presented by Melinda Swafford et al, had an ongoing debate about students dress code affects behavior and Swafford had came up with an idea that, â€Å"Proponents of school dress code and school uniform often attempt to link adolescents’ clothing choices to student behavior†. That being said, it can be easily inferred that choosing what clothing to wear can lead to other students wanting to impress on another. Although it is true of wanting to express oneself appearance, there are others that tend to keep their appearance in a low standard which then leads to bullying and being picked on during school and possibly outside of school that being Cyberbullying. That being said, moving on to a more financial topic, it can be easily addressed that school uniforms can spare parents money. A study conducted by the National Association of Elementary School Principal, found interesting results explaining different trends during 2013 and others that still occur to this day and according to NAESP, they surveyed parents that have their students attend to a school who requires uniforms and it resulted to an outstanding 93% who say it is, â€Å"Time saving in the morning.† Having already bought their student uniform, they no longer have to rush their kid for school if they attend to a school with a uniform policy. Having a kid attending to a school without a uniform policy, makes the parents morning more stressful waiting to see what their kid has to wear which then takes up more time and can possibly make the parent and student late to work and school. Another great point to build on is an article published by School Wears News titled, School Uniforms Cost Just 45p a Day New Study Shows, where they had established valid points on the information given on how parents can save money from buying uniforms, a study conducted in the United Kingdom resulted that uniforms over there cost parents, â€Å" £88.05 pounds† which is equivalent to ($128.79 US Dollars), whereas out of school uniform had averaged to about to an astonishing â€Å" £113 pounds† which is the equivalent to ($165.79 US Dollars). Right there displays good reasoning to as why parents can save money when it comes to spending for their child on school clothing. Not only is it a reasonable cost but also it will save them a good deal for the next couple of years until their child can no longer fit in the uniform. Whereas the parent will be spending money every other month buying non school uniform for their child. Although there are families that are able to afford uniforms for their child, there are low income families that are unfortunately unable to come up with that amount of money and that is why school uniforms in schools weaken the encouragement of open education by requiring additional expenses on families. Found on The Guardian, Patrick Butler had presented an article Hidden Costs of State Schools Causing Hardship for Millions, and elaborated on the idea that school uniforms in public schools weaken the encouragement of open education by requiring an additional expense on families, â€Å"95% of parents on low income reported difficulties in meeting school-related costs.† This proves a good reason, however, this can be easily avoided by making small monthly payments and negotiating with the school to come to an understanding and later on, successfully being able to have your child to be able to academically better themselves without the worry of paying so much money. Another poi nt made by Chris Hush who done an article titled Students Skipping Class Due to Cost of School Uniform, had came to a sense on how kids will have to skip school since they do not meet the financial needs to purchase uniforms, â€Å"..the united way of York County say some students are missing class in York County due to the cost of school uniforms.† As said earlier, it can be made in a concise way possible with a little help from the school. Every school has at least a lost and found where the student can look through and find their size and be able to then finally attend school and not having to purchase any clothing from the school and successfully be educated as said earlier. Furthermore on the idea, it can also be said that students can manifest their individuality in school uniforms by including modifications and attaching accessories. Andrea Dashiell, the journalist on Parentmap had presented an article School Uniform: Conformity vs Creativity, and her idea that she confronted is informing the audience that students should express themselves with uniform on, and she had come to an understanding that 54% of eighth graders said they could continue to publicize their individuality while wearing their school uniform every day. As one can continue the idea of adding on accessories, students may choose to express themselves with anything on their wrists whether it be watches or bracelets. It is a much more convenient and understanding way to present to school without standing out with any expensive clothing as said previously. Another idea presented was from Julia Rubin who created an article How to Accessorize your School Uniform and what she had exhibited was that students can manifest their individuality as well in school uniforms by including modifications and attaching accessories and she quotes, â€Å"Contrary to popular belief, uniform do not stop students from being themselves. Uniforms do not silence voices. Students can wear variety of expensive items, such ad buttons or jewelry.† This idea not only brings out the best in students but also where if students can express themselves without having to wear expensive items, they can be socially active with others around the school or in the classroom as they become academically prepared for class. As Rubin quoted, she finalizes her idea that students can voice out to their opinion, meaning they have the freedom of speech to say anything about what they like and do not like if it were to ever come to a situation that uniforms policy is not being held the way it is supposed to be. It has been shown that school uniforms are immeasurable for discipline and will take school more precariously to then concentrate more on learning rather than clothing or abhorrence of violence since additional issues that are a severe situation in our world. this come to many great points to as whether uniforms are a great choice in our society whether it was violence abruption, academic readiness, financial reasoning, and much more. But it usually comes into consideration in where one comes from and where the school is located. The argument presented can be drawn out to many of those that strive for a better education or policy in the school or around the community especially for those that dress presentable with a uniform on and only has one purpose which is to be educational and successful throughout their lives.

This Kind Of Testing Is Being Unjustified - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1501 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? Testing on animals has been around since 384-322BC (Rachel Hajar), meaning animals have been suffering for a very long time. Scientists have been using this method to try out new medicines or new surgical techniques to save lives. What they do not get is that animals and humans do not have the same body chemistry, making it difficult for the tests to be accurate, with the new advances in technology: experiments should not require animals for such inhumane acts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "This Kind Of Testing Is Being Unjustified" essay for you Create order Instead of using defenseless animals to do such horrible things, scientist should have designed more advanced machinery considering they already have the talent to make new things without needing the help of many resources. This kind of testing is being unjustified; there has been multiple reports of suffering because of all the horrible experiences the animals have to go through. Other reports were the way these animals were living they were malnourished, some of the animals heads were severely burnt and bleeding. A huge amount of money is thrown away to do unnecessary procedures. With this kind of money, we could use it to make alternatives to animal testing, invent new machines that will help reduce the lives of animals at risk. One-way scientist covers up what they have done to animals is by saying they are taken care of and they do not suffer any kind of pain. Since they are the ones with the white lab coats, of course, people are going to believe them. Research has shown that in 2016 alone more than 4 million procedures have taken place, this has caused more than 820,812 innocent animals to die. They do not go through one procedure or one test, one animal can be tested as many as 2 times even if it is already in a lot of pain. Many of the animals used in these experiments are fish, rats, birds, primates, dogs, cats, and sometimes even horses. These animals endure torture that no animal should ever go through. Over 73% of all animals tested in 2016 were mice or small rodents. Scientist prefer to use animals with a non-human vertebrate and cephalopod such as octopus and/or squid. Using animals like these also bring non-effective results in tests, which is another reason it should stop. Octopus and squid do not have anything related towards the human body making them unreliable. Tests are done on animals for many things: chemical, sprays, perfumes, medicine, and makeup. Many cosmetic brands are cruelty-free, and they still manage to have customers buy their products. The European Union has banned cosmetic testing because it is cruel to the animals and not required. Many other countries are following their steps in ending this type of testing or prohibiting brands that use them to sell anywhere in that country. Places like China require their make-up brands to test on animals to sell on their market. Korea and Turkey have stepped back on the testing and they even consider ending it, which would be the good thing to do. Animals do not wear makeup or try to look pretty, so scientist should not force them to be the first ones to try out new products they do not need. It is not a requirement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to test new chemicals or any kind of product on animals, but researchers choose to do it. This makes it worse for the animals because they are not needed in the laboratories, they are wanted there to try out and make sure things come out as they are supposed to. There are many other useful ways to find out about animals and how they do things, we do not need to dissect frogs or pigs to see the insides; we can find alternatives for this. As a person, you can help in many ways to stop animal abuse not just in labs but also in classrooms and other places around the world like zoos. Before someone passes away, they can decide to donate their body to science for others to learn from, and they can also donate to charities who do not test on animals for any kind of medicine or any type of harmful chemicals and instead work hard to save them. When a kid is in a classroom and they want to dissect an animal, people can stand up and say no to defend the rights of the defenseless animal. Many more animals are being tested that the public does not know about. The people who are aware of this can help and put an end to this. Dogs are also part of these cruel experiments especially beagles because they know how to tolerate pain a lot better than any other dog. More than 60,000 dogs undergo experiments each year; they are the ones who undergo more experiments than any other mammal. Dogs are cute, fluffy animals and everyone views them as wonderful little creatures, but nobody really talks about the horrible side of animal testing they go through or the torture they endure. Beagles are the most common used dogs and there is no law that prohibits people from doing animal testing. There are people trying to put an end to all animal testing, it is quite hard when there are more people with it than against it. There have been campaigns, posters, marches, and so many more things to persuade people to join end animal testing and help to end all this cruel torture. No animals should have to wonder when the next test will be or when they will die so they will not suffer anymore. They need help and the more the public fights for animal rights the more chances that scientists and researchers will stop and free the animals and search better ways to test new products that are harmful to the animals. Once scientists finish using the animal or the animal is close to dying, they throw it out and dispose of it. These people in white lab coats make everyone believe that the animals are safe and there is nothing to worry about, they are lying and do not what the public to know exactly what is going on inside these laboratories. Animals suffer physical, emotional, and mental pain every single day they are locked in those metal cages. Since there are no laws saying this is illegal, more and more animals will be hurt and killed. These animals spend all their day wondering when the next test will be preparing themselves mentally that they will go through a lot of pain and suffering. This is extremely sad knowing that so many people love majority of these animals, and so badly they are treated. When animal testing was becoming more common scientist used animals to test a drug for pregnant woman, so it could stop morning sicknesses. Doctors gave this medicine out and it backfired on them, many kids were born with defects and one mother died because of the drug. It is a fact that if scientist were to have used human like methods they would have gotten a lot closer to getting better results. Because of this happening, it also comes to show that we cannot rely much on animals to give out good and positive results, which makes it worse to keep using them when they do not have the same system as humans and cannot give us the results we need. Because the animals do not give us presentable answers, scientists should put an end to testing and focus more on other ways to test things. It has been showed that because of the failed results many people have died or have gotten extremely sick, death rates would decrease drastically if researchers used more human like methods and leave animals out of it. The more doctors give out medicines or any type of antibiotic to patients that have been tested by animals, the more likely these patients are to get sick or even die. Humans and animals do not have the same body chemistry, making it extremely difficult to get accurate results from animals and provides us with negative results. Since animal testing has been around for so long, people still think that is it ok to keep using defenseless animals to torture them to find out about a product and the harm it may do. Some places that have banned animal testing are inspiring other countries to stop and become cruelty-free, other things that are cruelty-free are some make-up brands, perfumes, and even household items. It is not hard to buy and support cruelty-free products, it makes it better for the animals, some people think that because of the testing we have safer products which is not true. Animal testing should stop, no animal should go through this kind of pain. Since we keep developing more and more advanced technology every day, there is no reason animal testing should continue. Researchers have the machines and computers needed to no longer use animals, they should start letting animals go.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1127 Words

â€Å"The best texts are those that force the reader to changer their perspective on the world. To what extent is this true in the text you have studies and how has the author sought to influence their readers.† Introduction The extent to which ones opinions and views can be altered without them even noticing is impeccable. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of ‘The Great Gatsby’, explores the ways in which one can influence a person’s thoughts in such a minute way that they themselves don’t even realise it. He, as a writer, is â€Å"communicative in a reserved way†. This leaves the readers perspective altered to believe what the author wants. Different minds will acknowledge and recognise different aspects of any text thus leaving every reader with a†¦show more content†¦So, less than 50 words into the novel, Nick Carraway is an honest young man who listens to his daddy. By the very next page that concept has been impugned with the counterstatement of â€Å"Everything for which I have an unaffected scorn†. This quote is hilarious. The readers are bombarded with the opposing sides of Nick repeatedly throughout the text. â€Å"I am one of the few most honest people that I have ever known† is another sentence thrown at the audience a mere two chapters along the line. I found it incredibly difficult to come to a conclusion on Nicks character throughout the book and I am unaware if this was Fitzgerald’s intention. I propose that, although relatively dramatic, it could be a motif. Mere words are not easily replied upon, which is supported through the actions of Daisy Buchannan in the 8th chapter of the text. Point Explain Evidence Evaluate Link Biased- First Person Narration The bias story we get told through the use of 1st person narration limits us to seeing Nick and the other characters the way Fitzgerald wants us to. Throughout the novel Tom is crude, Daisy is shallow, Jordan is dishonest, George is spiritless, Myrtle is sensual, Catherine is worldly and Mr. McKee is

Oedipus Man Cannot Escape His Fate - 880 Words

Oedipus the King: Fighting Fate â€Å"A person often meets his destiny on the road he took to avoid it.† (Jean de la Fontaine), a sobering reminder of the extent to which Oedipus and his parents, Jocasta and Laius from the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles fight a predetermined course plotted for them by the gods and written by the oracles, only for it to transpire tragically. Despite the inevitability of destiny Oedipus, Laius and Jocasta defy fate with the entirety of their being, for to acknowledge the lack of free will is to live in anguish. Both Oedipus and his parents attempt to separate themselves from each other in an attempt to avoid their foretold fate. Unfortunately, they suffer the realization that, in spite of their intentions,†¦show more content†¦Jocasta is forced out of denial and commits suicide at the same time that Oedipus discovers the truth. She feels so guilty for her despicable actions which could not alter the prophecy’s course and for her incestuous sins that she takes her own life to end the suffering. Oedipus’s blinding and banishment are penance self-inflicted because of the guilt he feels for the sins he committed. Likewise, Jocasta’s suicide is because of her own guilt. This intentionality as they meet their fate and their swift, excessive actions as they avoid it are a true show of how man will always endeavor to cast off the binds of spiteful providence. Death, physical suffering and ostracism are preferable to the agony of the acquiescence to a predetermined course. All people need to feel that they can actively forge their own niche in life despite the pressures, routines and expectations that are placed upon them in society. â€Å"Whatever limits [man], [he] [calls] fate†(Ralph Waldo Emerson) and man must fight these barriers, even if insurmountable, to live, or accept them and merely exist. Works Cited De La Fontaine, Jean. The Horoscope. Book VIII. Ed. Jean De La Fontaine. 1678-679. Print. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Conduct Of Life. Infomotions. Infomotions, LLC, 27 Dec. 2005. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. . Sophocles. The Theban Plays: King Oedipus, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. Trans. E. F. Watling. Penguin, 1947.Show MoreRelatedOedipus Essay788 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Greek tragedy Oedipus the King by Sophocles. In this play, Sophocles gives Oedipus the tragic flaw, hubris (excessive pride in oneself), which eventually causes him to run into his fate that he wanted to escape. Excessive pride in oneself has been the downfall of multiple characters like Oedipus. Oedipus wont accept the fact that he cannot escape his fate because of his uncontrollable arrogance. Pride has played a role in his life when he was first told about his fate. Oedipus once went to anRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy, Oedipus the King, fate is a predetermined course of events and is also an important factor that caused Oedipus’s downfall. Oedipus is ultimately a victim of his own fate because, despite his and Jocasta’s efforts, he could not escape the prophecies. Though others say that Oedipus created his own fate because he had the free will to handle the prophecies in becoming his own outcome, in the end, there was no chance that Oedipus could escape the prophecies. It was the fate for Oedipus gettingRead MoreEssay about Oedipus: Do Not Try to Control Your Fate1071 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Every man has his own destiny: the only imper ative is to follow it, to accept it, no matter where it leads him.† In other words, the connotation of this anonymous quote states that despite whatever one chooses to decide, the outcome of their choices and decisions will still result to their predetermined fate. Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus the King, demonstrates this statement throughout the play in the role of his tragic hero Oedipus. In the course of Oedipus’ actions of trying to escape his predestinedRead MoreFate and Freewill in Oedipus the King Essay819 Words   |  4 Pages In the play Oedipus Rex, it shows many different forms of fate and freewill. Fate is a word that can be defined in many different ways. Fate can affect a persons life in many different ways. Oedipuss fate ruined his life and lead him to a horrible death. Antigones life was also thrown out to the hand of fate. Neither one of them had any freewill in there lifetime, all of there lives were based upon the fate that the gods handed to them. Both of these elements, fate and freewill, play aRead MoreOedipus in Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning: A Comparative Analysis of Characters1034 Words   |  4 Pageslots of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning, there are a number of immediate and salient points of similarity for one to consider. One of the principle points of similarities between these two is related to their personalities both male characters are prone to fits of action which they can only fully understand (if at all) in hindsight. Another is the fact that the quandaries they find themselves in are related to conceptions of fate and theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King 1696 Words   |  7 Pages HUMN 1110 1 October 2014 Fatalism in Oedipus the King Tragedy has always been considered the highest form of literature; Oedipus the King is written by Sophocles who is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians, it fully represents the enduring charm of the ancient Greek tragedy, leaving the reader endless thinking. Through Oedipus’ misfortune, Sophocles tries to reveal the cause of their tragedy is ubiquitous and ever-present fate, rather than people themselves, dominatesRead MoreThe Saga Of Oedipus By Sophocles1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe saga of Oedipus begins long before the setting of the play takes place. It begins with a prophet, who tells Jocasta and Laius—the king and queen of Thebes at the time—that their son is destined to slay his father and bear children with his mother. To keep this sinful event from happening, they sent the baby away to be abandoned and killed. However, the messenger took pity on the baby and gave it to a shepherd of King Polybus, and the boy was adopted into r oyalty. When the boy came of age he wasRead MoreFate vs Free Will in Sophocles ´ Oedipus Rex and Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1487 Words   |  6 PagesFate and free will are two topics that are often questionable because they go hand in hand. Fate is a belief that a certain event is said to happen, then that persons choice and free will lead them to what has been predicted as inevitable. Knowing whether something is fate’s fault or the fault of the person who’s going to enact the said action, is one question that has never been fully answered. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Shakespeares Macbeth, fate is determined by their own choices and freeRead MoreOedipus Fate from the Gods and His Choices Essay654 Words   |  3 Pagespeople think they can determine their own destiny, but, as the Greeks believe, people cannot change fate the gods set. Though people cannot change their fate, they can take responsibility for what fate has brought them. In the story Oedipus, by Sophoc les, a young king named Oedipus discovers his dreadful fate. With this fate, he must take responsibility and accept the harsh realities of what’s to come. Oedipus is a very hubris character with good intentions, but because he is too confident, he suffersRead MoreOedipus Rex And The Mountains Echoed1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate whether our lives are controlled by our own choices or fate, is an ongoing question that we could never have the answer to because we can never fully prove one side. I believe that both personal choice and fate have a great effect in our lives. Both Oedipus Rex and the novel and the mountains echoed show how both personal choice and fate have a great influence in our rises up and our falling downs in life. In the Elizabethan era it was believed that our lives were predestined. People’s

Breast cancer and possible solution of Mammograms Free Essays

string(145) " to acquire an one-year mammogram, get downing at age 40, to catch malignant neoplastic disease early and avoid extended intervention like hers\." Breast malignant neoplastic disease occurs when chest cells grow abnormally and uncontrollably. It is the most common malignant neoplastic disease in the UK. This is indicated in the pie chart below where chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for the highest per centum happening among adult females, that is approximately 26 % . We will write a custom essay sample on Breast cancer and possible solution of Mammograms or any similar topic only for you Order Now An estimated 46 000 adult females are diagnosed every twelvemonth. [ 1 ] The two chief hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are gender – being a adult female and age – turning older. [ 2 ] In fact 8 out of 10 of the diagnosed patients are adult females above 50 old ages old. [ 1 ] 90 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease is caused by environmental factors while the staying 10 % is due to familial defect. [ 2 ] Breast malignant neoplastic disease can be treated if it is detected at an early phase, doing the patients ‘ opportunities of endurance greater. Among the symptoms of chest malignant neoplastic disease are the presence of a ball or thickener in the chest tissue. Figure 1: Cancer occurance among adult females. A Possible Solution – Mammogram In my sentiment all adult females particularly those above the age of 50 and those with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease should travel for regular mammographic showing. A mammogram is really of import for chest malignant neoplastic disease showing and early sensing. It is an X-ray exposure of the chests where consequences are studied to observe any abnormalcies or locations of leery tissue. Harmonizing to the National Health Service ( NHS ) UK, 1 400 lives are saved because of testing. [ 4 ] There are a few differences between testing mammograms and other mammograms. Screening mammography is carried out when there is no ball or seeable marks of malignant neoplastic disease. However, if a specific ball demands to be looked at, so a diagnostic mammography is done. Here my research is based on testing mammography. [ 25 ] There is a important difference in sentiment sing how frequently adult females should travel for mammograms. The American Cancer Society ( ACS ) suggests that all adult females over 40 should travel for mammograms one time every twelvemonth while the National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) of the US advises adult females to travel every 1-2 old ages. [ 5 ] I agree with NCI as their suggestion would intend that adult females are non exposed to radiation excessively frequently. Increased exposure to radiation increases the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease. Figure 2: Woman undergoing mammogram. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2006/06/mammoREX020606_228x179.jpg ) ( 396 words ) A mammogram is conducted on an outpatient footing and stopping points for about 30 proceedingss. [ 6 ] During the process, a qualified radiotherapist intially places merely one chest on a little level home base that has an X-ray home base under it. Above the chest there is another level home base. The machine presses the chest down between the home bases keeping the chest in place and bettering the acuteness of the image. When the chest is compressed, there is a small uncomfortableness. [ 7 ] Small explosions of radiation, something like wireless moving ridges is produced by the tubings in the machine and is passed through the chests. The image formed is recorded on photographic movie or a particular digital image entering home base. The chest is less heavy in comparing to the tumour. Therefore the chest appears in grey sunglassess on the mammography while the tumour is white and the air is black as it is the least dense. Figure 3: Breast malignant neoplastic disease tumour shown ( hypertext transfer protocol: //breastcancer.about.com/od/mammograms/ig/Mammogram-Images/Breast-Tumor.htm ) ( 556 words ) A radiotherapist will analyze the images and look out for any marks of malignant neoplastic disease. A signed study is sent to the physician who will explicate the consequences to the adult female. When a adult female goes for this process, she is told non to have on any deodourant, pulverization or lotion in her axillas or her chest as these would look as calcium musca volitanss on the mammogram. [ 6 ] Sometimes alternatively of tumours physicians may happen cysts, calcifications and fibroadenomas on the mammograms. Calcifications are non breast malignant neoplastic disease but can be an indicant of precancer. They are little measures of Ca that appear in the soft tissue of the chest. Fibroadenomas are benign tumours made of hempen and glandular chest tissue that are removed as a precautional measure. Cysts are benign unstable – filled pouch that are non related to malignant neoplastic disease. [ 8 ] ( 693 words ) Effectiveness Figure 4: Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates by phase Figure 5: Breast malignant neoplastic disease mortality rates ( hypertext transfer protocol: //mole.health.state.ny.us/diseases/chronic/screening.htm ) From the first graph, it is observed that the rate of early diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease had significantly improved because of the addition in the figure of adult females who underwent mammography. Consequently, the rate of late diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease decreased. The 2nd graph shows that when chest malignant neoplastic disease is detected early, there is a diminution in the mortality rate. [ 9 ] I strongly believe that naming chest malignant neoplastic disease early through mammography helps better adult females ‘s opportunities of endurance. ( 836 words ) A newspaper article by Reuters in Washington, US dated October 6th 2009 stated that a survey conducted by US research workers found that 75 % of adult females who died of chest malignant neoplastic disease ne’er had a mammogram, or were diagnosed after their first of all time mammogram. [ 22 ] Dr Blake Cady of Cambridge Hospital Breast Cancer and Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts said: â€Å" Womans who are in testing programmes have merely a 4.7 % mortality. Womans who are non screened have a 56 % mortality. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0644662320091006 ) To further turn out mammogram effectivity, below is a drumhead from a existent life chest malignant neoplastic disease subsister. [ 10 ] Pam ‘s narrative ‘Diagnosed at 46 with chest malignant neoplastic disease, after holding skipped her mammogram for a twosome of old ages, Pam ‘s intervention involved mastectomy, radiation and chemotherapy. She wants adult females to acquire an one-year mammogram, get downing at age 40, to catch malignant neoplastic disease early and avoid extended intervention like hers. You read "Breast cancer and possible solution of Mammograms" in category "Essay examples" ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mammographysaveslives.org/Stories.aspx? pl=stories A ; item=1 # narratives ) ( 969 words ) Deductions While carry oning this research, I encountered one societal issue that is, non all adult females realize the importance of acquiring a mammogram. This degree of consciousness varied due to different degrees of instruction among the adult females. The graph below supports my statement. Percentage of US adult females aged 40 and older who Have Had a Mammogram in the last 2 old ages by Education Level Figure 6 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/screening.htm ) Based on the graph adult females with more than a college instruction are most likely to hold had a mammogram in the last 2 old ages compared to adult females with lower degrees of instruction. [ 11 ] I think these adult females are cognizant of this of import showing tool. I besides feel at that place should be more public wellness instruction because a deficiency of information can take to misinformation. For illustration, Indian adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease have to utilize separate utensils because of the mistaken believe that the disease is contagious. [ 24 ] ( 1133 words ) I would besides wish to turn to an economical issue refering the usage of mammograms. The American Cancer Society suggests that adult females above 40 should acquire a mammogram every twelvemonth but many adult females are forced to jump their mammograms because they merely can non afford it. Research workers at Brown University in 2002, discovered mammograms bing US $ 400 is a challenge for many adult females. [ 20 ] Despite this, conditions in the US are still non every bit bad as in some underdeveloped states as seen in quotation mark below. â€Å" The United States spends about US $ 8.1 billion to name and handle chest malignant neoplastic disease, but in the metropolis of Poona, India, place to 3.5 million adult females, merely one medical installation provides comprehensive chest malignant neoplastic disease diagnostic and intervention services. † ( Masilamany J. , February 5th 2009, page 12 ) Besides, adult females populating in destitute states like Kenya feel incapacitated and merely wait to decease because they can non afford to travel abroad for intervention. It is expected that by 2020, 70 % of all chest malignant neoplastic disease instances will be in hapless states. [ 24 ] This is why I think authoritiess should seek to happen a manner to guarantee all adult females get their mammograms done. ( 1325 words ) Benefits and Risks of Mammography A picture by ‘NHS picks ‘ entitled â€Å" Having A Mammogram † highlights the advantages of holding a mammography as it can observe abnormalcies which are 3-4 millimetres in size. These abnormalcies are impossible to experience if a individual were to analyze her ain chests. [ 21 ] Sometimes a mammogram is more accurate than other diagnostic processs. A specific form of Ca sedimentations known to do chest malignant neoplastic disease can merely be seen clearly on a mammogram. [ 25 ] Having a mammography would non go forth any radiation in a patient ‘s organic structure. X raies usually have no side effects in the diagnostic scope. A tumour detected early is more likely to be cured. [ 6 ] Mammograms have certain defects nevertheless. Sometimes false-negatives can happen. This is when chest malignant neoplastic disease is present even though the mammograms appear normal. It happens largely in immature adult females because they have denser chests compared to older adult females whose chests are more fatty devising tumours easy seeable on mammograms. At the same clip, false-positives besides occur because radiotherapists erroneously decide the mammograms are unnatural when really there is no malignant neoplastic disease nowadays. This causes unneeded anxiousness and emphasis for the adult female. To avoid false-positives, an ultrasound and a biopsy is conducted. The doses of X ray in mammograms is really little but when it is done repeatedly it is harmful and can increase the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease. [ 13 ] ( 1546 words ) Alternate Solutions New ‘Breast Pap Smear ‘ An article titled New ‘Breast Pap Smear ‘ was written by Duke Medicine News and Communications. This trial is presently undergoing three clinical tests countrywide in the US. It works by utilizing a really narrow acerate leaf to take cells from subdivisions of the whole chest. [ 15 ] The quotation mark below farther explains the trial. Dr Victoria Seewaldt, a scientist and chest oncologist at the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center said: â€Å" Merely as we do with a cervical pablum vilification, we can now study cells from the whole chest, analyze them under the microscope and trial for early alterations that frequently precede breast malignant neoplastic disease. Then we can give adult females a preventative agent to see if we can eliminate her unnatural cells and therefore prevent malignant neoplastic disease from developing. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/7450 ) A specific cistron known as RAR beta controls how breast cells use vitamin A to guarantee their good wellness. Research done has shown that the cistrons in chest malignant neoplastic disease patients lose its ability to map. This ‘pap vilification ‘ trial can observe the presence or absence of this cistron. Without it, the possibility of developing malignant neoplastic disease is higher. Hence RAR beta Acts of the Apostless as a molecular marker to find the oncoming of malignant neoplastic disease. [ 15 ] I strongly believe that the new chest ‘pap vilification ‘ is an first-class discovery in the battle against chest malignant neoplastic disease. Once the clinical tests are deemed successful, this should be carried out on all adult females. ( 1785 words ) Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound Imaging, besides known as Ultrasound Scanning provides images of the internal constructions of the chests. During an ultrasound, a doctor may utilize Doppler Techniques to measure the blood flow or deficiency of blood flow in a chest mass. At times it is possible to find the cause of the mass. Doppler ultrasound is a technique used to measure blood flow through a blood vas. Breast ultrasound maps to assist name breast abnormalcies detected during a physical scrutiny and to qualify possible abnormalcies seen on a mammogram. A chest lesion detected and classified sometimes can non be interpreted adequately through mammography entirely. An ultrasound can besides distinguish if an abnormalcy is solid or fluid-filled ( benign cyst ) or both solid and cystic. A solid may be a benign or malignant tumour. Ultrasounds show extra characteristics of the unusual countries on the chest. [ 14 ] Figure 4: A patient undergoing a chest ultrasound. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiologyinfo.org/en/photocat/gallery3.cfm? image=LbreastMR-vnr-009.jpg A ; pg=breastus A ; pid=1, ) ( 1936 words ) Beginning Evaluation In my sentiment, the ‘National Health Service Choices UK ‘ web site ( nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-breast-female ) is really comprehensive and factual. This beginning aims to give nonsubjective information and counsel to the populace on chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is approved by a clinical expert and is funded by the Department of Health. It has been certified as a dependable wellness and societal attention information beginning by The Information Standard and has to run into certain editorial policies. So I think this is a reputable beginning. I retrieved information on the importance of holding a mammogram for early diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease as stated on page 9. The undermentioned two web sites ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mammographysaveslives.org/Stories.aspx? pl=stories A ; item=1 # narratives and hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm? pg=mammo # part_one besides provided the same information. An article from the Time magazine entitled The Changing Face Of Breast Cancer, volume 170 published in October 2007 is another dependable beginning. I believe this article was good researched because it has included positions from adult females across the universe. This article gives facts and figures supported by other beginnings. For illustration, the quotation mark on page 8 by Masilamany J, from the Sun newspaper can be found in this article. Besides, the information that chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most common disease among adult females is besides found in: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Most_common_cancers_-_female, _by_occurence.png ) . ( 2143 words ) How to cite Breast cancer and possible solution of Mammograms, Essay examples

Nutrition for Dermal Therapies

Question: Discuss about the Nutrition for Dermal Therapies. Answer: Introduction: Wound healing is a complex process and leads to restore tissue damage. Amino acid arginine plays significant role in this restoration of tissue damage. Arginine proved to be effective in improving wounf healing, increasing collagen deposition and decreasing breaking strength of incisions. Hence, arginine proved to be effective in wound healing. Arginine is an essential amino acid which is a part of urea cycle. Arginine is intraconvertible to citrulline, ornithine, and agmatine. In a healthy human, 2 g per day arginine can be synthesized by the kidney from citrulline. Citrulline can be converted to arginine by action of series of enzymes like argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase. Biosynthetic pathways cant prepare sufficient amount of arginine based on the condition of the individual. It should be supplemented externally in young people and in few cases like injury and burns (Currell and Dam-Mieras, 2014). Persons with poor nutrition should be advised to consume foods containing arginine. Arginine can be obtained from both plant and animal sources. Animals sources of arginine comprises of dairy products like cottage cheese, ricotta, milk, yogurt and whey protein drinks, beef and pork like gelatin and chicken, and turkey light meat, seafood like halibut, lobster, salmon, shrimp, snails and tuna. Plant sour ces of arginine comprises of wheat germ and flour, lupins, buckwheat, granola, oatmeal, peanuts, nuts like coconut, pecans, cashews, walnuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, hazelnuts and, pinenuts, seeds like hemp, pumpkin, sesame and sunflower, chickpeas, cooked soybeans and Phalaris canariensis (Patel et al., 2016). Wound healing is a multifaceted and dynamic process. In wound healing, there is replacement of devitalized and missing cellular structures and tissue layers. Wound healing includes four phases like hemostasis phase, the inflammatory phase, the proliferation phase, and the remodeling phase (Demidova-Rice et al., 2012). Hemostasis phase occurs in the first few minutes after injury. Platelets stick to injured site and platelets get activated. Platelets change to the amorphous shape and release factors responsible for clotting. As a result, there is activation of fibrin and formation of mesh which facilitate binding of platelets to each other. This clot formation plugs broken part of blood vessels and prevents further bleeding. In inflammatory phase, there is clearance of damaged cells, dead cells, bacteria, other pathogens and debris. In proliferation phase, there is occurrence of angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction. In remodeling phase, collagen realigned in line with the tension lines and unwanted cells gets removed by apoptosis (Singh et al., 2013) Wound healing comprises of different events like chemotaxis, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, production of new glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, neocollagenesis, collagen degradation, epithelization, and collagen remodeling. In wound healing there is replacement of normal skin with the fibroblastic mediated scar tissue. In normal skin, epidermis and dermis form a protective barrier against external stimuli. When this barrier is disrupted, a series of biochemical reactions occur to repair the damage. Wound healing process is fragile process and its interruption and failure in this process can lead to chronic wounds. Non-healing wounds mainly occur in patients of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, infection and metabolic deficiencies due to old age. In such cases treatment and management should be provided to the patient. One of the management approaches for wound healing is by supplementation of the nutrients like arginine because nutritional deficiencies have significant impa ct on the wound healing (Demidova-Rice et al., 2012) Cellular mechanisms: Arginine can synthesize highly reactive nitric oxide (NO), which releases citrulline. This citrulline can be recycled to arginine. Administration of arginine can be useful in improving blood flow to the limbs in both normal and diseased individuals. Arginine potentiates release of growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), both of which are responsible for improvement in the wound healing. Animals exhibited improvement in survival rate, increased wound-breaking strength and augmented wound collagen accumulation. Arginine produces its effects in wound by two pathways like NOS isoforms and arginase isoforms. It is evident that there are increased levels of citrulline and NOx in wound as compared to plasma. It indicates NOS is responsible for conversion of arginine. There are more levels of ornithine in wound as compared to the plasma. It indicates arginase is responsible for arginine metabolism. There is temporal increase in citrulline and NOx levels in wound, indicating s equential stimulation of different arginine metabolic pathways at the wound site. NOx dependent pathway is responsible for the initial phase of wound healing while citrulline dependent pathway is responsible for the later phase of wound healing. There is increased iNOS expression in macrophages, PMNs, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells in skin at wound site as compared to the skin at normal site (Chow and Barbu, 2014). Arginine is necessary for NO synthesis by activated macrophages and neutrophils. Arginine facilitate fibroblast formation which is essential for collagen formation and tissue repair. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that collagen synthesis in wound fibroblasts is regulated by NO. In vitro studies indicate that stimulation of human fibroblsts from skin with LPS and INF-gamma produces more amount of eNOS and iNOS. It indicates increase in inflammatory cytokines in wound. It is evident that arginine can inhibit inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IN F- gamma. There is increased expression of ARG1 and ARG2 in PMN in skin of wound, while there is no expression in skin without wound. In vitro studies indicate that function of arginase release form the PMN is to reduce NO formation by macrophages, endothelial cells and T cells. However, this fact should be proved in vivo studies by conducting more number of studies. Upregulation of ARG1 in wound fibroblasts provides substrate for collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. It is evident that ARG1 is necessary for ornithine production and ARG2 for polyamines production in bovine endothelial cells. It indicates that both the pathways are important for the wound healing process (Kurmis et al., 2010). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production increases and peaks within 24 72 hours after wound and it leads to the NO and citrulline production. NO exhibits its action by acting as antimicrobial agents and by augmenting blood flow to the healing wound. Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) which is an inhibitor of iNOS pathway can stimulate arginase pathway and production of collagen. In the final step of the urea cycle, arginase acts as catalyst to break arginine into ornithine and urea. There are two isoforms of arginase are available like arginase 1 and arginase 2. Both of these isoforms can play important role in would healing by increasing production of ornithine. This ornithine can be metabolized to numerous polyamines under the action of ornithine decarboxylase. These polyamines facilitate cellular growth, required for the wound healing. Arginine is also important for the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and keratinocyte growth factor. Arginine is u seful in healing of cutaneous wounds and also useful in healing of fractures. Arginine is also useful in treating wounds due to different clinical conditions like diabetes and hemorrhage/trauma. It has been observed that arginase levels are less in wound as compared to the plasma. It indicates arginine consumption at wound site. Both growth hormone and NO are responsible for the wound healing by arginine supplementation because arginine did not exhibit improvement in wound healing breakage strength and/or collagen deposition in iNOS KO mice. It is evident from the literature that arginine can increase protein amount in wounds and muscles by a different mechanism from NO production (Singh et al., 2012; Debats et al., 2011). Measured outcomes in treating wound with arginine comprises of different physical and biochemical parameters. These outcomes comprises of rate of healing, elevation of insulin growth factor 1, improved nitrogen balance, increased hydroxyprolyne accumulation which indicates collage deposition, rate of epithalization of wounds, increased response of lymphocytes to mitogenic and allogeneic stimulation (Alexander and Dorothy, 2014). Role of arginine in wound healing can be established by measuring biomarkers in both plasma and wounds. These biomarkers include arginase-1, arginase-2, NOx, iNOS and eNOS. Expression of these markers can be measured in different cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear (PMNs) cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and glandular cells. There is increase in the level of these markers in wounded skin as compared to the unwounded skin. NOx, iNOS and eNOS levels in the plasma and wound can be measured using HPLC. Arginase levels can be measure u sing ELISA method and western blot technique. Cellular distribution of these markers can be detected using Immunohistochemical staining (Drover et al., 2014). It is evident that, 20 g/day arginine can be safely administered to adults and it is well tolerated in adults. However, there was no significant study done to establish dose response curve of arginine, most effective dose and timing of administration. Arginine is safe when consumed in the prescribed dose. However, it can produce adverse effects when consumed in the excess dose. These adverse effects include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gout, and blood abnormalities. Arginine should be administered in the children with more caution because high dose of arginine can produce serious adverse effects including death in children. It is evident that arginine can multiply herpes virus. Hence, arginine can make herpes worse. In patients with low blood pressure Arginine should be administered with caution because arginine can reduce blood pressure. As arginine has effect on blood pressure, it should not be taken before and after 2 weeks of surgery. Arginine can increase risk of death af ter heart attack in older people. Hence, it should not be taken immedietly after heart attack. In patients with kidney disease, arginine can increase potassium levels, increasing risk of irregular heart beat. Arginine has the property of producing allergic reactions. Hence, it should be taken with caution in Asthma patients. Anaphylaxis and hives are also reported in persons with arginine consumption. Arginine may increase risk of bleeding, hence it should not be taken with medications which increases risk of bleeding. High doses of arginine should not be administerd in patients with established sepsis because it can cause hypotension and other cardiovascular complications (Kotsirilos et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2016). There is abundant literature from animal studies and clinical trials available for the usefulness of arginine in wound healing. Seifter and collegues showed that arginine deficient animals, when supplemented with arginine exhibited increased wound collage deposition, augumented wound breaking strength and increased survival. In an animal study, Zhang and collegues reported that there was increased protein balance in skin wound and muscles. Leigh and collegues conducted a study on humans with the administration of 4.5 g and 9 gm twice daily for three weeks in patients with pressure ulcers. At both the administered doses healing rate was similar, however, healing rate was improved in treatment groups as compared to the control group. In one study administration of 17 g arginine for 14 days resulted in significant increase in IGF-1 and improved nitrogen balance compared to placebo group. In another study with 17 gm arginine for 14 days, treatment group exhibited enhanced hydroxyprolene accumulation which indicates augumented collagen production and elevated levels of IGF-1, however, there was no change in the rate of epithelialization of the wound. A comprehensive study was conducted by De Luis, comprising of 72 patients and arginine supplementation was initiated after 24 hours after surgery. In this study, it was observed that fistula formation and length of stay in the hospital were less as compared to the control group (Alexander and Dorothy, 2014). Conclusion: Until recently, primary focus of nutrients is to prevent nutritional deficiencies. However, in recent times nutrients are increasingly proved to be efficacious in the treatment of disease conditions. Arginine is an amino acid useful in the wound healing. Translational and clinical data are available for the wound healing properties of the arginine. It has been established that arginine can exhibit wound healing property through NO pathway and arginase pathway. Arginine is also safe when consumed in the prescribed dose. Energy and protein requirements should be met while administering arginine for wound healing. In summary, arginine administration can improve wound healing. References: Alexander, J. W., and Dorothy, M. (2014). Role of Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Wound Healing and Infection. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 682690. Chow, O., and Barbu, A. (2014). Immunonutrition: Role in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. Advances in Wound Care, 3(1), 4653. Currell, B.C., and Dam-Mieras, R.C.E. (2014). Biosynthesis Integration of Cell Metabolism. Butterworth-Heinemann. Debats, I.B., Koeneman, M.M., Booi, D.I., Bekers, O., and van der Hulst, R.R. (2011). Intravenous arginine and human skin graft donor site healing: a randomized controlled trial. Burns, 37, 420. Demidova-Rice, T. N., Hamblin, M. R., and Herman, I. M. (2012). Acute and Impaired Wound Healing: Pathophysiology and Current Methods for Drug Delivery, Part 1: Normal and Chronic Wounds: Biology, Causes, and Approaches to Care. Advances in Skin Wound Care, 25(7), 304314. Demidova-Rice, T. N., Hamblin, M. R., and Herman, I. M. (2012). Acute and impaired wound healing: pathophysiology and current methods for drug delivery, part 2: role of growth factors in normal and pathological wound healing: therapeutic potential and methods of delivery. Advances in Skin Wound Care, 25(8), 349-70. Drover, J.W., Dhaliwal, R., Weitzel, L., Wischmeyer, P.E., Ochoa, J.B., and Heyland, D.K. (2011). Perioperative use of arginine-supplemented diets: a systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 212, 385. Kotsirilos, V., Vitetta, L., and Sali, A. (2011). A Guide to Evidence-based Integrative and Complementary Medicine. Elsevier Australia. Kurmis, R., Parker, A., Greenwood, J. (2010). The use of immunonutrition in burn injury care: where are we? Journal of Burn Care Research, 31(5), 677-91. Patel, V. B., Preedy, V. R., and Rajendram, R. (2016). L-Arginine in Clinical Nutrition. Humana Press. Singh, M.R., Saraf, S., Vyas, A., Jain, V., and Singh, D. (2013). Innovative approaches in wound healing: trajectory and advances. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 41(3), 202-12. Singh, K., Coburn, L.A., Barry, D.P., Boucher, J., Chaturvedi, R., and Wilson, K.T. (2012). L-arginine uptake by cationic amino acid transporter 2 is essential for colonic epithelial cell restitution. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 302, G1061.

Enron Taking Advantage Of Accounting Limitations Accounting Essay Example For Students

Enron Taking Advantage Of Accounting Limitations Accounting Essay Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay through a merge of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. It owns 37,000 stat mis of grapevines for the usage of natural gas transit between manufacturers and public-service corporations. During the early 1980s, most of the contracts between gas manufacturer and grapevines were take-or-pay contracts. Few old ages subsequently, Enron profited from the alterations in ordinance of natural gas market that led to increased usage of topographic point market dealing. In 1988, Jeff Skilling suggested a gas trading concern by making a natural gas bank which turns out as a immense success. In 1992, the gas trading concern became a major subscriber to Enron s net income. However, they get downing to utilize off-balance sheet funding vehicles to finance these minutess. In the mid 1990s, Enron extended its concern to electric power, coal, steel, paper and mush, H2O and broadband overseas telegram capacity. Enron foremost developed the electric power marke t. They use peaking workss to run into power in demand during peak periods and had some successes in this market. In the late 1990s, Enron began utilizing plus visible radiation scheme where they merely hold heavy assets for the usage of bring forthing information. This scheme is so effectual until its gas fiscal trading represented 20 times its grapevine capacity by late 2000. Enron besides expanded their concern outside the U.S boundary line. Their subordinate was funded to build and pull off energy assets outside the U.S. which represented immense investings in the states economic systems. Though holding nucleus competency in pull offing grapevines, Enron still face many other hazards in international variegation such as political hazards. The Enron s complex concern theoretical account contributed to the autumn of Enron as it had created chances for Enron to take full advantages of accounting restrictions in pull offing its fiscal study. First, the trading concern in natural gas involved long-run contracts. In original, the accounting had been straight frontward by naming the existent cost of providing the gas and existent grosss received. However, Enron started to follow mark-to-market accounting, when a long-run contract was signed ; the present value of the watercourse of future influxs was recognized as gross while the present value of the expected cost of carry throughing the contract was recognized as disbursals. Therefore, the market value of unfulfilled additions and losingss under the contract were needed to be reported as one-year net incomes or losingss when they arose subsequently. This had created jobs in the fiscal study as Enron estimated the present value of the hereafter influxs even when there were serious inquiries about the viability of these contracts and their associated costs. Second issue was the exercising of particular purpose entities by Enron to insulate the house from fiscal hazards. Particular purpose entities are the shell houses created by patrons but funded by independent equity investors and debt funding. Harmonizing to by and large recognized accounting criterions, particular intent entity merely have to be consolidated with the house s concern when independent 3rd party have substantial equity interest in the particular intent entity which are at least 3 per centum of the particular purpose entity s entire debt and equity. This had turned Enron s balance sheet to be undependable when Enron was avoiding demoing some tantamount debts on balance sheet by exerting particular purpose entities. Other than that, the enlargement of Enron s new concern which were non executing every bit good as expected led to Enron s accounting jobs. .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .postImageUrl , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:visited , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:active { border:0!important; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:active , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rita Hayworth And Shawshank Redemption EssayHowever, all these jobs were undetected for long period due to several parties failed to acknowledge the jobs which including Enron s top direction, audit commission, external hearers, fund directors and sell-side analyst. Enron s top direction to a great extent used stock option to make outlook of rapid growing and its attempt to whiff up reported net incomes to run into Wall Street s outlook caused the jobs concealed. Audit commission did non observed the jobs occurred in the houses as they did non earnestly concerned about the development of Enron s concern and to a great extent relied on the information provided by direction, internal hearers every bit good as external hearers. Arthur Anderson, the external hearer of Enron was sued for utilizing slack criterions in their audits. There is a questionable struggle of involvement over the immense sum of confer withing fees paid by Enron to them. In add-on, Arthur Anderson besides failed to voice up sound concern opinion sing the minutess performed by Enron. The minutess were clearly designed for fiscal coverage instead than concern intent. At the tallness of their popularity, big institutional investor owned 60 per centum of Enron s stock. It drops to 10 per centum after the company announced its negative accounting issues in December 2001. There are some grounds that led fund directors in so slow in detecting the jobs in Enron. First, they were misled by the misstated fiscal statement or by sell-side analysts. Besides, their inducements to seek out high-quality information were besides hapless. Sell-side analysts were slow in acknowledging the jobs that occurred in Enron yet recommended Enron s portions to public even 2 months before Enron s bankruptcy. One of the common pattern in the industry was sell-side analyst tend to have fiscal inducements in urging Enron to their clients in order to back up their houses investing banking trades with Enron. Besides that, sell-side analysts relied to a great extent on internal information that provided by direction which caused analyst did non supply dependable analysis due to direction be given to non supply to analysts with critical and negative information. Mechanical, inflexible accounting criterions since old ages ago caused a company s fiscal study did non clearly reflect the fiscal hazard. The statements within Financial Accounting Standard Board ( FASB ) make things even worst when they did non come out with a satisfy criterions. Tonss of possible ways to forestall future Enron state of affairss arise due to the Enron instance. Independent managing of audit houses, such as Michigans confer withing concern or call off some types of audit clients audience was suggested by Securities and Exchange Commission. Some have proposed to curtail the regulations of alterations in stock options. Besides, there are houses ask foring foreigner as their board members and engage more professional fiscal officer, every bit good as guarantee more meetings and treatments among audit members and commissions. Other than those possible ways, there are few more cardinal ways may assist to work out fraudulent of fiscal coverage, such as alterations from Audit Committees to Transparency Committees. Audit commissions are fundamentally tosz assure that houses are following the general accepted accounting rules, where the functions of transparence commissions are guaranting that investors get equal information from houses and measure the effectivity of company s policies and determinations to help either internal or external parties understand the houses current state of affairs, public presentation and future hazards. Second, is to rethink the Auditor s Business Model. Successful hearer s concern theoretical account comprises of good audit house and profession hearers. A good managed audit houses hire more experts. Top direction gives right inducements to the right individual at the right clip. Failures are analyzed by experts. While hearers maximize their value of audits through supplying a t rue full set of houses public presentation and hazards to the investors, every bit good as minimising the costs and legal hazards of executing undertakings. Finally, is to by making an alternate environment for Institutional Investors. Capital market mediators such as analysts and investing banker supply unrealistic public presentation outlook and create unsustainable alterations in stock market monetary value, incentives for excessively aggressive, deceitful accounting, and for mismanaged houses. It is a must for investors to separate hearers from advisers, or sell-side analysts from investing bankers, other than have a deeper reconsideration of the ends, inducements and interactions among the capital market mediators. .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .postImageUrl , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover , . ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:visited , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:active { border:0!important; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:active , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; f ont-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Michelangelo Buonarroti Persuasive Essay